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George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

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The Right Honourable

The Earl of Carnarvon

DL
5th Earl of Carnarvon
Lord Carnarvon, who was the chief financial backer on many of Howard Carter's Egyptian excavations.
Tenure29 June 1890 – 5 April 1923
PredecessorHenry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon
SuccessorHenry Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon
Other titlesLord Porchester (until 1890)
Known forDiscovery of Tutankhamun's tomb
BornGeorge Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert
(1866-06-26)26 June 1866
66 Grosvenor Street, Mayfair, London, England
Died5 April 1923(1923-04-05) (aged 56)
Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt
BuriedBeacon Hill, Burghclere, Hampshire
NationalityBritish
ResidenceHighclere Castle
Spouse(s)
​
(m. 1895)​
Issue
Parents

George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, DL (26 June 1866 – 5 April 1923), styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English peer and aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

Background and education

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Styled Lord Porchester from birth, he was born at 66 Grosvenor Street, Mayfair, London, the only son of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, a distinguished Tory statesman, by his first wife Lady Evelyn Stanhope, daughter of Anne and George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield. Aubrey Herbert was his half-brother.[1] He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.[2] He inherited the Bretby Hall estate in Derbyshire from his maternal grandmother, Anne Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield in 1885, and succeeded his father in the earldom in 1890.[3]

He was High Steward of Newbury.[4]

Family

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Lady and Lord Carnarvon at the races in June 1921.

Lord Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell,[5] alleged to be the illegitimate daughter of millionaire banker Alfred de Rothschild,[6] of the Rothschild family, at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, on 26 June 1895. Rothschild provided a marriage settlement of £500,000 (equivalent to £73 million in 2023),[7] and paid off all Lord Carnarvon's existing debts.[8] The Carnarvons had two children:[1]

Horse racing

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Exceedingly wealthy due to his marriage settlement,[8] Carnarvon was at first best known as an owner of racehorses, and in 1902 he established Highclere Stud to breed thoroughbred racehorses.[10] He joined the Jockey Club[11] and in 1905 was appointed one of the stewards at the new Newbury Racecourse and acted as a steward at other racecourses.[12] His family has maintained the connection ever since. His grandson, the 7th Earl, was racing manager to Queen Elizabeth II from 1969 until his death in 2001.[13]

Egyptology

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Further information: Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun

Lord Carnarvon was a keen motor-car driver. In 1903 he suffered a serious motoring accident near Bad Schwalbach in Germany, after which he never fully recovered his health.[14] After a lengthy convalescence his doctors advised that he winter out of England and from then on he and Lady Carnarvon often spent their winters in Egypt.[15][11] Here he became an enthusiastic amateur Egyptologist and also bought Egyptian antiquities for their collection in England.[16]

Lord Carnarvon, his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, and Howard Carter at the top of the steps leading to the newly discovered tomb of Tutankhamun, November 1922.[17]

In 1907 Lord Carnarvon undertook to sponsor the excavation of nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes. He employed Howard Carter to undertake the work[11] on the recommendation of Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Department.[18] In 1912 Carnarvon published Five Years' Exploration at Thebes, cowritten with Carter, describing their excavations.[19]

In 1914 Lord Carnarvon received the concession to dig in the Valley of the Kings, replacing Theodore Davis, who had resigned. Carter again led the work, undertaking a systematic search of the Valley for any tombs missed by previous expeditions, in particular that of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Excavations were interrupted during the First World War but resumed in late 1917.[16] By 1922 little of significance had been found and Lord Carnarvon decided this would be the final year he would fund the work.[20] However on 4 November 1922 Carter was able to send a telegram to Lord Carnarvon in England, saying: "At last we have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations."[16]

Lord Carnarvon, accompanied by his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, returned to Egypt, arriving at Luxor on 23 November 1922.[21] Both were present the next day when the full extent of the stairway to the tomb was cleared and a seal containing Tutankhamun's cartouche found on the outer doorway. This door was removed and the rubble-filled corridor behind cleared, revealing the door of the tomb itself.[22] Carnarvon was also present when on 26 November Carter made a tiny breach in the top left-hand corner of this doorway, enabling him to peer in by the light of a candle. When Carnarvon asked, "Can you see anything?" Carter replied "Yes, wonderful things!" The tomb was then secured, to be entered in the presence of an official of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities the next day.[23] However that night Carter, his assistant Arthur Callender, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn apparently made an unauthorised visit, becoming the first people in modern times to enter the tomb.[24][25][26] Some sources suggest that the group also entered the inner burial chamber.[27] In this account a small hole was found in the chamber's sealed doorway and Carter, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn crawled through.[26]

The next morning, 27 November, saw an inspection of the tomb in the presence of an Egyptian official. Callender rigged up electric lighting, illuminating a vast haul of items, including gilded couches, chests, thrones and shrines. They also saw evidence of two further chambers, including the sealed doorway to the inner burial chamber, guarded by two life-size statues of Tutankhamun.[28][29] In spite of evidence of break-ins in ancient times, the tomb was virtually intact and would ultimately be found to contain more than 5,000 items.

On 29 November the tomb was officially opened in the presence of a number of invited dignitaries and Egyptian officials.[30]

Lord Carnarvon travelled to England in December 1922, returning in January 1923 to be present at the official opening of the inner burial chamber on 16 February.[31] Before the opening Carnarvon had sold the exclusive newspaper rights to report the excavation to The Times. Whilst this helped finance the work it created resentment both from other newspapers and from the Egyptian authorities, whose own press was also excluded.[32]

Towards the end of February a rift with Carter, probably caused by a disagreement on how to manage the supervising Egyptian authorities, temporarily closed excavation. Work recommenced in early March after Carnarvon had apologised.[32] This was to be Lord Carnarvon's last significant involvement in the excavation project since he fell seriously ill shortly afterwards.

Death

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Lord Carnarvon's tomb on Beacon Hill

On 19 March 1923 Carnarvon suffered a severe mosquito bite, which became infected after a razor cut. On the 5th of April he died in the Continental-Savoy Hotel in Cairo from, according to contemporary reports, blood poisoning progressing to pneumonia.[33] On 14 April Lady Almina Carnarvon moved Lord Carnarvon's remains to England.[34] His tomb appropriately reflects his archaeological interest, being situated within an ancient hill fort on Beacon Hill overlooking his Highclere family seat.[35]

After Lord Carnarvon's death Carter continued the excavation. However the Egyptian government took ownership of the contents of the tomb and in April 1930 provided a grant of £35,000 to his heirs (equivalent to £2.79 million in 2023).[7][36]

Legends and speculations

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Encouraged by newspaper speculation,[32][37] the ‘Curse of Tutankhamun’, or the ‘Mummy's Curse’ entered into popular culture and was fuelled further by the author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's suggestion that Carnarvon's death had been caused by ‘elementals’ created by Tutankhamun's priests to guard the royal tomb.[38] On 3rd April 1923, just six weeks after Howard Carter had unsealed the burial chamber in the tomb of Tutankhamun, Conan Doyle arrived in New York to begin a four-month lecture tour on Spiritualism.[39] Two days later he was asked by a reporter whether he connected the breaking news of Carnarvon’s death with the curse of the pharaohs. Conan Doyle responded to this question by drawing parallels between the death of Carnarvon and his late friend Bertram Fletcher Robinson,[40] and his comments were reported in an article, which appeared in the Daily Express newspaper on 7th April 1923, as follows:[41][42]

It is impossible to say with absolute certainty if this is true…If we had proper occult powers we could determine it, but I warned Mr Robinson against concerning himself with the mummy at the British Museum. He persisted, and his death occurred…I told him he was tempting fate by pursuing his enquiries...The immediate cause of death was typhoid fever, but that is the way in which the elementals guarding the mummy might act. They could have guided Mr Robinson into a series of such circumstances as would lead him to contract the disease, and thus cause his death - just as in Lord Carnarvon's case, human illness was the primary cause of death.

In 1998 it was argued in the Canadian Medical Association Journal that Conan Doyle may well have been right, owing to research (published in Proceedings of the Royal Society) by Sylvain Gandon,[43] then of the Laboratoire d’Écologie in Paris, on the longevity and potency of toxic spores, as well as comments by archaeologist Nicholas Reeves on "reports of a black fungus inside the tomb".[44] Howard Carter dismissed such speculation as 'tommy-rot', commenting that "the sentiment of the Egyptologist [...] is not one of fear, but of respect and awe [...] entirely opposed to foolish superstitions".[45] Carter also asked a scientist he knew to test for possible pathogens on one of Tutankhamun's bandages, and the test reportedly found nothing.[46] But modern testing of Egyptian mummies has found the presence of the toxic fungus Aspergillus flavus, whose spores also reportedly killed scientists after the opening of a 15th century royal tomb in Poland in 1973, and Carnarvon (and other alleged victims such as George Jay Gould and Arthur Mace) showed symptoms that were at least arguably consistent with poisoning by its spores.[46]

Some of the stories were clearly fabricated, including that a curse had been found inscribed on the wall of the tomb,[32][47] while a study showed that those involved in the tomb's discovery and clearance did not have a lower than average life expectancy.[48] In 2003 a study[citation needed] of documents and scholarly sources led The Lancet[citation needed] to conclude as unlikely that Carnarvon's death had anything to do with Tutankhamun's tomb, refuting[citation needed] another theory that exposure to toxic spores,[44] such as those of the toxic fungus (mycotoxin) Aspergillus flavus,[15][46] had contributed to his demise. Although he was one of those to enter the tomb on several occasions, none of the other 25 from Europe was affected in the months after their entries. The cause of Carnarvon's death was reported as ‘pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas' (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). Pneumonia was thought to be only one of various complications arising from the progressively invasive infection that eventually resulted in multiorgan failure." The Earl had been "prone to frequent and severe lung infections" according to The Lancet and there had been a "general belief ... that one acute attack of bronchitis could have killed him. In such a debilitated state, the Earl's immune system was easily overwhelmed by erysipelas.”[15][citation needed] The above-mentioned Aspergillus flavus speculation was revived in a 2022 documentary by Channel 4 that argued that its spores were a possible cause of Carnarvon's death (and possibly also of the deaths of Gould and Mace).[46]

[edit]

Works

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  • Earl of Carnarvon; et al. (1912). Five years' explorations at Thebes: a record of work done 1907–1911. London: Henry Frowde.

References

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  1. ^ a b Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burkes Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, vol 1 (107th ed.). London. p. 699. ISBN 0971196621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ "Herbert, George Edward Stanhope Molyneux, Lord Porchester (HRBT886GE)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  3. ^ Zoehfeld, Kathleen Weidner; Nelson, James (2007). "3". The Curse of King Tut's Mummy. Random House Books for Young Readers. ISBN 978-0-375-83862-0.
  4. ^ "Queen Victoria Memorial at Newbury". The Times. No. 36920. London. 8 November 1902. p. 13.
  5. ^ Barnard Burke, 1914, p. 387
  6. ^ Burke's Peerage, 107th Edition p. 835, says Rothschild was 'possibly' Almina's father; her son Henry Herbert described him as his grandfather, see No Regrets: Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon, 1976, p. 6.
  7. ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  8. ^ a b William Cross. (2016). Carnarvon, Carter and Tutankhamun Revisited: The Hidden Truths and Doomed Relationships. William P. Cross. p. 31. ISBN 978-1905914364.
  9. ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003).
  10. ^ "Architecture". House and Garden. 160 (1–4). Condé Nast Publications, Ltd: 54. 1994..
  11. ^ a b c Winstone, H. V. F. (2006). Howard Carter and the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun (rev. ed.). Manchester: Barzan. pp. 98–100. ISBN 1905521049.
  12. ^ Herbert, Henry (1980). Ermine Tales: More memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 133. ISBN 0297777637.
  13. ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, p. 698
  14. ^ The Countess of Carnavon (2022). The Earl and the Pharaoh. London: William Collins. pp. 162–173. ISBN 978-0-00-853173-7.
  15. ^ a b c Cox, Ann M. (7 June 2003). "The death of Lord Carnarvon". Correspondence. The Lancet. 361 (9373). Elsevier Ltd.: 1994. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13576-3. PMID 12801779. S2CID 45173628. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Bill Price (21 January 2009). Tutankhamun, Egypt's Most Famous Pharaoh. Chartwell Books. pp. 119–128. Published Pocket Essentials, Hertfordshire. 2007. ISBN 978-1842432402.
  17. ^ Harry Burton's photos of Tutankhamun's Tomb, Griffith Institute Archive.
  18. ^ A letter of Maspero dated 14 October 1907 in his archives in the library of the Institut de France says: You have been kind enough to say to me that you could find a man who knows Egyptology to survey my works. Have you thought to anybody? I will leave the question of payment in your hands but I think I would prefer a compatriot (Manuscripts 4009, folios 292–293). On 16 January 1909 Carter writes to Maspero: Just a word to tell you that Lord Carnarvon has accepted my conditions. He will be there (in Egypt) from 12 February to 20 March. I have to thank you again... (Manuscripts 4009, folio 527) – from Elisabeth David.
  19. ^ Carnarvon, Earl of; Carter, Howard (1912). Five Years' Exploration at Thebes. OCLC 474563606.
  20. ^ Carnarvon, Fiona (2011). Highclere Castle. Highclere Enterprises. p. 59.
  21. ^ Carter, Howard; Mace, Arthur (1923). The tomb of Tut Ankh Amen, volume 1. London. pp. 94–95. OCLC 471731240.
  22. ^ Winstone 2006, pp. 142–145.
  23. ^ Carter, Howard; Mace, Arthur (1923). The tomb of Tut Ankh Amen, volume 1. London. p. 90. OCLC 471731240.
  24. ^ Lord Carnarvon, The Times (11 December 1922), cited in Winstone, p. 154.
  25. ^ Lucas, Alfred (1942). "Notes on some of the objects from the tomb of Tutankhamun". Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte (41): 135–147.
  26. ^ a b Hoving, Thomas (1978). Tutankhamun: The Untold Story. London: Cooper Square Publishing. Chapter 9. ISBN 978-0815411864.
  27. ^ That the group entered the burial chamber is supported by Lucas and Hoving but dismissed by Carnarvon in The Times, 11 December 1922.
  28. ^ "Howard Carter's diary entry for 25–27 November 1922".
  29. ^ Carter, Howard; Mace, Arthur (1923). The tomb of Tut Ankh Amen, volume 1. London. pp. 101–104. OCLC 471731240.
  30. ^ Winstone 2006, p. 155.
  31. ^ "Howard Carter's diary entry for 16 February 1923".
  32. ^ a b c d Bill Price. (2009). Tutankhamun, Egypt's Most Famous Pharaoh. Chartwell Books. pp. 130–132. Published Pocket Essentials, Hertfordshire. 2007. ISBN 978-1842432402.
  33. ^ "Carnarvon Is Dead of an Insect's Bite at Pharaoh's Tomb. Blood poisoning and ensuing pneumonia conquer Tutankhamun discoverer in Egypt". The New York Times. 5 April 1923. Retrieved 12 August 2008. The Earl of Carnarvon died peacefully at 2 o'clock this morning. He was conscious almost to the end.
  34. ^ "Howard Carter's diary entry for 14 April 1923".
  35. ^ The Countess of Carnavon (2022). The Earl and the Pharaoh. London: William Collins. pp. 342–344. ISBN 978-0-00-853173-7.
  36. ^ "Egyptologist Howard Carter dies – The Guardian archive, 1939". The Guardian. 5 March 2018.
  37. ^ Pappas, Stephanie. Curse of King Tut's Tomb Turns 90, Live Science. retrieved on 10 June 2020. " 'As with all celebrity deaths, the story rapidly gathered its own momentum and soon there were reports of sinister goings on,' Tylsdesley said. 'At the very moment of Carnarvon's death all the lights in Cairo had been mysteriously extinguished and at his English home Carnarvon's dog, Susie, let out a great howl and died.' "
  38. ^ Hamilton-Paterson, J Mummies: Death and Life in Ancient Egypt, James Hamilton-Paterson, Carol Andrews, p. 197, Collins for British Museum Publications, 1978, p. 196. ISBN 0001955322
  39. ^ Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. "Our Second American Adventure". www.arthur-conan-doyle.com.
  40. ^ – Fletcher Robinson & the 'Mummy' (Part I) by Paul R Spiring, – Fletcher Robinson & the 'Mummy' (Part II) by Paul R Spiring
  41. ^ Dr Catherine Wynn (11 January 2023). "How Sherlock Holmes, ancient Egypt and a mysterious 'curse' inspired Agatha Christie". www.hull.ac.uk.
  42. ^ Luckhurst, Roger Professor (October 2012). The Mummy's Curse: The True History of a Dark Fantasy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969871-4.
  43. ^ "People: Sylvain Gandon". Evolutionary Ecology and Epidemiology (within Centre d’écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive (CEFE) within French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  44. ^ a b Kezwer, Gil (15 December 1998). "King Tut's Curse due to fatal spores?" (PDF). Canadian Medical Association Journal. 159 (12): 1451–1452. PMC 1229876. [...] Dr Sylvain Gandon, a researcher at the Laboratoire d'Écologie in Paris, has shown that microscopic spores can become extremely potent and are capable of surviving for long periods outside a living host body. "The death of Lord Carnarvon could potentially be explained by infection with a highly virulent and very long-lived pathogen", says Gandon. His findings, which recently appeared in Proceedings of the Royal Society, support Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's conviction that Carnarvon died after breathing in germs in Tutankhamen's burial chamber. Doyle, the creator of the Sherlock Holmes mysteries, suggested that spores were deliberately placed there by priests to punish grave robbers. [...] Archeologist Nicholas Reeves, author of The Complete Tutankhamen, said there were reports of a black fungus inside the tomb. Carnarvon was already in poor physical condition when he reached Egypt and could have suffered a fatal infection as a result. "There are fungi that can survive in a peculiar environment like a tomb and could well have affected someone like him," Reeves says. [...] But how did the spores get into the tomb in the first place? "If the Egyptians were smart and really wanted to make a curse," notes Gandon, "they could have taken a pathogen well known to them and put it in the tomb." (If the current web address becomes out-of-date, Google Scholar versions are here (and here), giving alternative web addresses here, here (showing PMC), and (alternative PDF addresses:) here and here)
  45. ^ Winstone, H.V.F. Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, Barzan, Manchester. 2006, p. 326. ISBN 1905521049
  46. ^ a b c d Al-Shamahi, Ella (2022). "Tutankhamun: Secrets of the Tomb". Channel 4. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  47. ^ Pappas, Stephanie. Curse of King Tut's Tomb Turns 90, Live Science. retrieved on 10 June 2020. "After Carnarvon died, Corelli spread the false rumor that the phrase 'death comes on wings to he who enters the tomb of a pharaoh' was carved on King Tut's tomb."
  48. ^ Bill Price. (21 January 2009). Tutankhamun, Egypt's Most Famous Pharaoh. Chartwell Books. pp. 137–138. Published Pocket Essentials, Hertfordshire. 2007. ISBN 978-1842432402.
  49. ^ Winstone 2006, p. viii.
  50. ^ "Carnarvon (Character)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  51. ^ "Radio Times.com 23 Nov 2016 Did Howard Carter and Evelyn Carnarvon have a romantic relationship?". Retrieved 14 January 2018.

Further reading

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  • with Howard Carter, Five Years' Explorations at Thebes – A Record of Work Done 1907–1911, ed. Paul Kegan, 2004 (ISBN 0710308353).
  • with Howard Carter, Five Years' Explorations at Thebes – A Record of Work Done 1907–1911, Original 1912 edition.
  • Fiona Carnarvon, Egypt at Highclere – The discovery of Tutankhamun, Highclere Enterprises LPP, 2009.
  • Fiona Carnarvon, Carnarvon & Carter – the story of the two Englishman who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun, Highclere Enterprises LPP, 2007.
  • William Cross, Lordy! Tutankhamun's Patron As A Young Man , Book Midden Publishing, 2012 (ISBN 978-1-905914-05-0).
  • William Cross , The Life and Secrets of Almina Carnarvon : 5th Countess of Carnarvon of Tutankhamun Fame , 3rd Ed 2011 ( ISBN 978-1-905914-08-1).
  • Elisabeth David, Gaston Maspero 1846–1916, Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet, 1999 (ISBN 2857045654).
[edit]
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Earl of Carnarvon
1890–1923 		Succeeded by

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